African Biodiversity & Conservation publishes scientifically robust peer-reviewed studies on African biodiversity and conservation in a manner that is free, accessible and ethical, and that maintains high quality standards throughout. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, data descriptors, nomenclatural changes, new distribution records, short communications, and commentaries. ABC also publishes special issues emanating from symposia or conferences or on a particular topic within the scope of the journal. ABC is a platinum open access journal. This mean that there are no author page charges and content is free to view. ABC is included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), listed on all major indices including SciELO SA, and thereby accredited with the South African DHET. ABC is published by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Journal Impact FactorTM from ClarivateTM 2025 (under Bothalia) = 1.0 Journal Impact FactorTM from ClarivateTM 2025 (under ABC) = NA Note: The journal formally changed its name from Bothalia to African Biodiversity & Conservation in 2025. The listing of the journal on Clarivate's Web of Science is under the new name: African Biodiversity & Conservation, but articles prior to 2025 are listed as published in Bothalia. By July 2028 the impact factor for the journal should be solely under the new name.
South African National Biodiversity Institute
Bridging Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Western ecological science approaches through language: the role of language in ecosystem restoration and invasive alien species management
Ecosystem restoration initiatives frequently overlook vital contributions of Indigenous knowledge, especially the linguistic and cultural dimensions that shape ecological understanding. Principle 6 of United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030 emphasises the incorporation of diverse knowledge systems into restoration and promotes mutual learning. However, mainstream restoration practices often favour scientific discourse, neglecting language barriers that limit the participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs). This paper advocates for the integration of Indigenous knowledge into mainstream restoration through translation of conservation terminology and naming invasive alien species in Indigenous languages. The study proposes a participatory framework that bridges scientific and traditional ecological knowledge. It emphasises linguistic translation and culturally grounded communication strategies to promote mutual understanding between restoration practitioners and IPLCs. The approach is grounded in co-learning and acknowledgment of linguistic diversity as a cornerstone of equitable knowledge exchange. Integrating Indigenous languages and perspectives into restoration enhances comprehension of environmental challenges within local contexts. It improves community participation in decision-making, strengthens native biodiversity conservation, and supports efforts to manage invasive alien species. The process fosters legitimacy and long-term commitment to restoration initiatives among IPLCs. Embedding Indigenous knowledge and language into restoration practices ensures initiatives are ecologically sound, culturally meaningful and socially inclusive. This integration empowers IPLCs to actively engage in restoration and supports equitable governance and reinforces ecosystem resilience. Recognising and valuing linguistic and cultural diversity strengthens global restoration efforts through collaborative, bottom-up action.
Original research, Reviews, Strategies, Case studies
Indigenous peoples and local communities
Copyright (c) 2026 Bheka Nxele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nomenclatural clarification of Brunsvigia striata (Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllideae)
The name Brunsvigia striata W.T.Aiton (1811), a species endemic to South Africa, is illegitimate and nomenclaturally superfluous, as it is based on the illegitimate name Amaryllis striata Jacq. (1797), which is a later homonym of Amaryllis striata Lam. (1783), while another legitimate name is available, namely Amaryllis nervosa Poir. (1810). Thus, a new combination in Brunsvigia is made here based on the correct replacement name, Amaryllis nervosa Poir. (1810).
Copyright (c) 2026 Mulweli Maswoliedza, John Charles Manning, Dee Snijman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
South African plants growing wild in Mexico: patterns and the uncertainty of native areas
Background and aim: Understanding floristic exchanges between regions helps predict introduction and invasion processes. Of the about 700 introduced angiosperm species in Mexico, most are from the Old World, including Africa. This study focuses on the plants that migrated from South Africa to Mexico, two megadiverse countries of the Global South with comparable climates. It addresses the problems of determining native species, and also explores patterns of habit, life cycle, use categories and times of arrival. Methods: An exhaustive literature review identified the South African species growing wild in Mexico. A decision diagram outlines the inclusion/exclusion criteria; reasons for the decision on each species are provided. Data on habit, life cycle, uses and earliest herbarium specimen dates were compiled and analysed. Results and conclusion: Of the 129 species listed in databases and literature as native South African species in Mexico, only 43 were confirmed. Poaceae contributed 53% of the species. Perennial forbs and grasses dominated; there was only one shrub and no trees. Uses were documented for 88% of species, mainly as forage and ornamental. Few species used as food or medicine in South Africa were utilised similarly in Mexico. Most South African species arrived during the 20th century, likely via the USA and South America. The lack of secondary uses in Mexico suggest commercial introductions as the primary reason for arrival. The workflow proposed here could assist other countries of the Global South with the identification of the causes of species introductions, aiding prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Josué Leal-Sanjuan, Mireya Burgos-Hernández, Ana Isabel González-Martínez, Ebandro Uscanga-Mortera, Mario Luna-Cavazos, Llewellyn C. Foxcroft, Heike Vibrans https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alien flora in Zimbabwe: An updated checklist
The naturalised flora diversity and richness in Zimbabwe has continued to increase over the past decades. Alien species inventories provide baseline data needed to understand naturalisation dynamics, historical invasion patterns and impacts. Therefore, an updated inventory of the alien flora of Zimbabwe, providing details about the taxa, life forms, their occurrence at regional level, geographical origins, types of habitats colonised and degree of naturalisation is presented. The checklist comprises 476 alien plant taxa, that is, 108 (23%) casuals, 278 (58%) naturalised and 90 (19%) invasive. The most represented families are Asteraceae (65 taxa), Poaceae (63), Fabaceae (58), Solanaceae (30) and Amaranthaceae (23). More than half (51.3%) of the alien plant taxa are primarily herbs, followed by trees (16%), grasses (13%), shrubs (11%) and climbers (8%). The central (77%) and eastern (67%) floristic regions of Zimbabwe have the largest proportion of alien flora in the country. The majority of these alien taxa are native to the Americas (49%), followed by Asia (30%) and Europe (19%); with 55% of the taxa introduced intentionally as ornamentals, while 22% were introduced accidentally. Most of the alien plant taxa have been recorded as ruderals (48%) and agricultural weeds (46%). Results of this study provide baseline data required to monitor and manage alien plant invasions in the country.
'Alien species', 'floristic diversity', 'plant invasion', 'taxonomy', 'Zimbabwe'
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Maroyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A preliminary checklist of alien and invasive plant species within protected areas of the City of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Background: Urbanisation has significantly transformed natural landscapes, posing substantial challenges to biodiversity, especially in protected areas managed by municipalities. In South Africa, limited data exist on the diversity and distribution of alien plant species within urban protected areas. Objectives: This study assesses alien plant species’ distribution, abundance and invasion dynamics in protected areas managed by the Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo, Gauteng. Methods: We systematically surveyed alien plants across 10 protected areas and documented their abundance, life form, pathways of invasion, legal status, degrees of establishment and origins. Results: The alien flora in the surveyed protected areas comprised 175 species from 125 genera and 56 families. Of these species, 82 were herbs, 43 trees and 27 shrubs, with most species forming established populations (48.2%) and few are invasive (10%). Species richness was highest at Albert Farm (n = 72) and Beaulieu (n = 69), with the former also having the highest species abundance. Most alien plant species originate from South (36%) and North America (34%) and were likely introduced to these protected areas as ornamental and horticulture plant escapes. Most species (n = 103) are not listed in the South African Alien and Invasive Species Regulations, while those listed were predominantly Category 1b species (n = 51). Conclusion: The study highlights that protected areas in urban areas often have alien plant species, likely because most of the species are introduced by humans as ornamentals and through horticulture. These areas can act as foci for new invasions, and it is therefore important to compile lists of alien species in these areas that can be used to develop appropriate management interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Takalani Nelufule, Lombard Shirindzi, Tinyiko Cavin Shivambu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing an initial inventory of non-native invasive species based on roadside surveys: recent experience in southern and eastern Africa
Background: Lists of non-native invasive species are needed for the development of strategies and plans to control them. Objectives: This paper describes the development of an initial inventory of non-native plants based on roadside surveys, and reviews the advantages and challenges associated with the methodology. Methods: We conducted surveys in 11 southern and eastern African countries and listed the presence of non-native plants at just under 107 000 roadside localities between 2008 and 2019. Localities were georeferenced and used to create a database of the distribution of 708 non-native plant species. Results: The survey effort varied between countries, with sampling taking place fairly comprehensively in smaller countries (e.g., Eswatini, Malawi and Rwanda were well covered, with >90% of half-degree grid cells reached), while coverage was acceptably high in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania (78–49%). In other countries, coverage was less. The greatest number of non-native species was recorded in Kenya (430), followed by Tanzania (341), Malawi (313) and Zambia (240). The most frequently recorded species was Lantana camara, with 5 566 records, followed by Senna siamea (3 526), Eucalyptus spp. (3 409), Ricinus communis (3 261) and Cascabela thevetia (3 156). Our inventories made a significant contribution to the regional database, constituting 58% of all plant observations in GBIF across the 11 countries in 2018. Several field guides have been produced based on these lists, and they provide a useful resource where none existed until recently. Conclusion: Alternative methods exist for the development of lists, including remote sensing and citizen science, and each has advantages and drawbacks. Roadside surveys are not comprehensive as they are limited to roadsides and subject to several potential biases because inconspicuous species are excluded, and observers have different levels of competence. We conclude nonetheless that roadside surveys, undertaken by experienced observers during the course of other duties that involve widespread travel, can provide a relatively inexpensive and very useful initial inventory, especially in lower- and middle-income countries where the capacity to conduct other survey options is lacking.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arne Witt, Brian W. van Wilgen, Tim Beale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First insights into marine invasions along the Namibian coast
Background: Alien species are a growing concern due to harmful impacts on the environment and ecosystem services. However, relatively little information exists about alien marine species in Namibia. Objectives: To compile the first list of marine alien and cryptogenic species for Namibia. Methods: A systematic search of the primary literature was combined with searches of historic taxonomic literature, the World Register of Introduced Marine Alien Species (WRiMS), the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), the Ocean Biodiversity Information Systems (OBIS), iNaturalist and the grey literature, to identify alien and cryptogenic species that have been reported from Namibia. Results: A total of 26 alien and 12 cryptogenic species have been documented along the Namibian coast. Most species have a Northern Hemisphere native range and more than half were first recorded pre-2000. The primary likely mechanism of introduction has been shipping [i.e., hull fouling (63% of species), ballast water (20%) and ship boring (7%)] but mariculture (10%) has also played a role. The Ikaras Region supports the most alien (23) and cryptogenic (11) species. This likely reflects the presence of the busy Robert Harbour in Lüderitz, the proximity to the South African west coast, which is known to support >60 alien species and the fact that this region is the most accessible and well studied. Conclusion: This study provides first insights into marine invasions in Namibia, but dedicated surveys for alien taxa will improve our understanding of the full extent of invasions along the Namibian coast.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cathleen Deelie, Carol Simon, Tammy Robinson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alien and invasive Poaceae weed species in Madagascar: listing and recommendations
Recent research has improved the understanding of the Poaceae family in Madagascar, particularly in terms of taxonomy. These studies have facilitated better identification and classification of species. However, little attention has been given to alien and invasive Poaceae weed species, despite their important role in ecological dynamics. This gap highlights the need to investigate the invasive potential of this plant family, which can significantly impact Madagascar’s ecosystems. In this study, we aim to advance the understanding of Poaceae invasions by reviewing existing data and highlighting key insights to support Madagascar’s invasive species management. We developed a comprehensive checklist of 154 Poaceae weeds and/or alien species based on literature reviews and online databases to ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness. Our goal was to categorise these species into groups with three distinct management recommendations: prohibited species, species that need to be monitored and those considered harmless. Each of these categories was defined based on its estimated ecological impact and invasiveness potential. Among the 154 species assessed, we confirmed the presence of 56 species introduced to Madagascar and identified one species that we suggest should be prohibited in Madagascar. Based on our assessment, we propose a precautionary approach for species that are not yet invasive but pose a threat. Additionally, we highlight species that should be subject to risk analysis to assess their invasive potential. By developing these recommendations, we hope to assist in the creation of effective strategies for managing Poaceae invasions in Madagascar and to support broader conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noro Fenitra Harimbao Randrianarimanana, Jean Augustin Randriamampianina, Nantenaina Herizo Rakotomalala, Mijoro Rakotoarinivo, Verohanitra Miarivelomalala Rafidison, Maria Sergeevna Vorontsova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper presents a comprehensive list of alien taxa in South Africa developed as part of triennial national status reports on biological invasions. It includes: taxa that are, have been, or were proposed to be regulated; alien taxa that are or have been present in South Africa (including those only ever recorded in quarantine facilities); taxa that are native to a part of South Africa that have formed native-alien populations in another part of the country; and taxa which have been categorised at some point as alien or for which the risk of invasion in South Africa has been evaluated. Names used previously are included so it is clear why taxa listed in historical sources are no longer considered alien or present, and how such names have been interpreted in terms of the latest authoritative taxonomic sources. The list also includes information on the invasion status of the taxa, their pathways, distributions, impacts and management, with metadata provided for all 38 variables, including confidence and data sources for 23 of them. The development of documented and repeatable workflows ensures it is clear why taxa (and associated information) are included in the list and facilitates reviews and updates. Based on information up to the end of December 2022, the list includes over 6 000 taxa, of which over 3 500 are alien taxa confirmed as present outside of captivity or cultivation. However, several key data sources still need to be verified and integrated into the list (particularly taxa in captivity or cultivation). Thus, this list should not yet be regarded as a complete baseline of the knowledge of alien taxa present in South Africa. The list is presented in a manner that is tidy and FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) and will be maintained, expanded and updated, so that the list will be dynamic and aim for completeness. By so doing, the list will allow the number and status of alien taxa to be tracked over time, informing management planning and regulatory decisions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tsungai Zengeya, Katelyn Faulkner, Promise Mtileni, Laura Fernández Winzer , Sabrina Kumschick, Emily McCulloch-Jones, Siyasanga Miza-Tshangana , Tamara Robinson, Aviwe Sifuba, Whitney Engelbrecht , Brian van Wilgen, John Wilson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alien ornamental plants on sale in Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe: potential sources for plant invasions
Ornamental gardening has historically been, and continues to be, a primary pathway for plant introductions into southern Africa. Knowing which alien plants are being sold and used as ornamentals in the subregion is important to assess the potential for future biological invasions and conflicts between stakeholders. We compiled a list of all plant taxa on sale across eleven nurseries in Botswana (3), Namibia (2) and Zimbabwe (6) by accessing the plants in stock either on the nurseries’ websites, on social media or via stock lists shared by the nursery owners. The compilation was matched with the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species to identify invasive taxa. Of 1 193 species that were found to be on sale, 784 are alien to the continental Southern African Development Community (SADC) subregion, 289 have established alien populations in at least one continental SADC country, and 82 are considered invasive in at least one continental SADC country. Many of the established and invasive plants are popular trees and shrubs in the subregion and worldwide. Most of them have a wide native range usually covering more than one continent. This paper provides a quantification of invasion debt due to the ornamental sector in southern Africa and a baseline to identify priorities for risk analysis and potential regulation or control at a subregional level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Rodríguez Cala, John Wilson, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Jana Fried, Seoleseng Tshwenyane, Israel Legwaila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Madrid Nomenclature Section: outcomes and important changes to the Code following the XXth International Botanical Congress
Background: The International Botanical Congress takes place more or less every six years. In the week preceding this conference, a meeting of the Nomenclature Section is held to consider proposals, both published and from the floor, to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Objectives: To report on the most significant outcomes of the deliberations that took place during, and decisions taken at, the Nomenclature Section and the final plenary session of the XXth International Botanical Congress that was held in Madrid, Spain, in July 2024. Methods: Decisions relevant to workers on South African algae, fungi and plants are summarised from the published reports of the relevant Permanent Nomenclature Committees and the General Committee, as well as from the published report of congress action. Results: This contribution is a summary of the most important decisions taken at the Nomenclature Section meeting and International Botanical Congress in Madrid, specifically highlighting those outcomes that are important for South African phycologists, mycologists and botanists.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronell Klopper, Muthama Muasya, Gideon Smith https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
On the occurrence of Nephrangis filiformis (Orchidaceae) in Kenya and Tanzania
Nephrangis filiformis is a rare epiphytic African orchid growing in wet upland tropical forest. In all recent floristic treatments and botanical websites its distribution is reported as Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire [Ivory Coast], Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Here I show that its alleged occurrence in Kenya and Tanzania is based on a misidentification in a book published in 1968, which has been carried over ever since. Since there is no physical or photographic evidence to the contrary, I conclude that Nephrangis filiformis does not occur in Kenya or Tanzania.
Copyright (c) 2025 Benny Bytebier https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The correct name for Asparagus fasciculatus Thunb. (Asparagaceae)
The name Asparagus fasciculatus Thunb. (1818) for a South African species in the genus is an illegitimate later homonym of the northern Australian A. fasciculatus R.Br. (1810). The later taxonomic synonym A. consanguineus (Kunth) Baker is available for the South African taxon and is thus the correct name for it.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Manning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An automated workflow to standardise taxon names for South African alien species lists
Accurate, up-to-date and interoperable alien species lists are required if South Africa is to estimate the status of biological invasions, effectively manage the problem, and meet its international obligations under the Global Biodiversity Framework. A plethora of South African alien species lists have been developed; but these have been standardised using different taxonomic backbones that change over time, and what has been done taxonomically is often not transparent or repeatable. Consequently, the lists are not interoperable, and the names of the listed taxa are often out-of-date and contain errors. Here a workflow to standardise taxon names for South African alien species lists is introduced. The workflow is open, has been automated and uses taxonomic backbones that are relevant to the South African context. The final output includes accepted scientific names, higher taxonomic information and details on taxonomic sources; and issues and errors are detected, corrected and flagged, including synonyms and duplicated taxa. Three lists of alien taxa, with error rates of 13–20%, and which differ in their taxonomic focus and backbones, serve as case studies. The case studies illustrate that the workflow can automatically standardise hundreds of taxon names in minutes, leaving a few (0–14%) for which manual work would be required. The workflow is a step-by-step guide of the processes required, will reduce error rates and facilitate the transparent and repeatable taxonomic standardisation of the names of alien taxa. In so doing, it will increase the interoperability and utility of South African alien species lists.
Copyright (c) 2026 Katelyn Faulkner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New records of Lamiaceae (subfamily Nepetoideae) from Central Africa with the description of five new species
Background: Subfamily Nepetoideae is the last subfamily of Lamiaceae not yet dealt with by the Flore d’Afrique centrale, and many specimens are still unidentified in the collections. Objectives: To prepare the treatment of subfamily Nepetoideae (Coleus excluded) by analysing herbarium specimens. Methods: Herbarium material from BR, BRLU, K and POZG was studied. Results: Five species and one variety new to science are described (Equilabium mabwense, Fuerstia upembensis, Ocimum gnidioides, O. hirsutissimum var. paradoxum, Orthosiphon collinus, Plectranthus villosicaulis). Four new synonyms are proposed. A lectotype is designated for Ocimum fimbriatum. Fifteen taxa are reported as new to the Democratic Republic of Congo, two to Rwanda and one to Burundi. New records of rare taxa are also included. Conclusion: Of the 26 taxa discussed in this note, 20 are found in Haut-Katanga, highlighting the region’s significant contribution to the diversity of Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae in Central Africa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pierre J. Meerts, Alan J. Paton https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An assessment of invasive alien plant control by a volunteer group in Kloofendal Nature Reserve, Johannesburg, South Africa
Background: In South Africa, the management of invasive alien plants (IAPs) is typically undertaken in large, protected areas at a national level. However, most urban protected areas managed by municipalities lack the capacity and funds to record and manage IAPs. Objectives: This study assesses the control of IAPs undertaken by volunteer citizen scientists and estimates the associated monetary value using the standards of the Working for Water (WfW) programme in Kloofendal Nature Reserve (KNR), Johannesburg. Methods: Alien plants were first identified through surveys by volunteer citizen scientists, with the species names, dates, abundance and locations recorded using the GPS Essentials application (app). IAPs were then controlled using mechanical and chemical methods in collaboration with the Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo. Results: A total of 58 alien plant species from 28 plant families were recorded in KNR. The most controlled life forms were shrubs, herbs and trees. Approximately 150 798 individual plants belonging to 57 alien plants were removed, with many species removed in the year 2024 (n = 58 318) and 2023 (n = 41 205), at a total cost of R257 110.40, following the WfW Programme. The most removed life forms were shrubs (n = 77 452), herbaceous plants (n = 11 769) and trees (n = 10 883). Most alien plant species (68%) were listed as Category 1b in the South African National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004): Alien and Invasive Species Regulations, with the most removed individual alien plants (n = 90 806) belonging to this category. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of stakeholder engagement in managing IAPs in urban protected areas, as shown in the KNR. This research offers a scalable model for African countries to enhance biodiversity conservation through citizen–municipality partnerships.
biodiversity conservation gardens; global change, introduction pathways
Copyright (c) 2026 Takalani Nelufule, Tinyiko Cavin Shivambu, Karin Spottiswoode, Steve Spottiswoode, Ndivhuwo Shivambu, Lombard Shirindzi, Bishop Ngobeli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Checklist of Basidiomycete macrofungi diversity in the Djebel El Ouahch Forest in the Constantine region, northeastern Algeria
This study offers the first systematic checklist of the mycoflora diversity in the Djebel El Ouahch Forest, located in the Constantine region of northeastern Algeria and covering an area of approximately 577 km². Investigations were conducted to document the presence of macrofungal species. Macrofungal species were surveyed based on their macroscopic and ecological characteristics and identified through morphological analysis and comparison with standard taxonomic keys and specialised databases. The results reveal several interesting and uncommon species. A total of 90 fungal species, belonging to 52 genera, 30 families and 8 orders were identified. Saprophytic and mycorrhizal species were more abundant than parasitic fungi. Several rare and ecologically significant species were recorded, including Agaricus litoralis, Tricholoma pseudonictitans, Gloeophyllum abietinum, Coriolopsis gallica, C. trogii, and Trametes pubescens. These findings highlight the contribution of the Djebel El Ouahch Forest’s macrofungal community to the overall fungal biodiversity of the Constantine region. The Constantine region is an important area due to its high macrofungal biodiversity and its significance from a mycological perspective. Given the importance of fungi in terrestrial ecosystems and their potential interactions with plants, further studies should be conducted to expand knowledge of the fungal species present in this region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roukia Zatout https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Western Barn Owl (Tyto alba) diet analysis to assess small mammal populations in two regions of Kenya
Background: Avian predators are known to take prey in proportion to their availability in different ecological settings, but additional causes of variation in species representation remain unclear. Species recorded in predator diets may reflect both novel predator adaptive strategies as well as the composition of prey communities. Assemblages of regurgitated owl pellets typically contain diverse species of small vertebrates, and analysis of their contents provides a way to document changes in both prey populations and predator strategies over time. Furthermore, pellet assemblages can provide valuable information on species (including cryptic species) not captured using conventional trapping methods. Objectives: The study aimed to compare historical and current small mammal prey diversity in Western Barn Owl pellets and trapping surveys in Nairobi Urban Environment (NUE) and Tsavo East National Park (TENP) to assess patterns of prey selection in relation to two different habitats and evaluate the potential for using owl diets to monitor changes in ecosystem health over time. Methods: This study conducted dietary analysis of the Western Barn Owl [Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769)] in the NUE and TENP. We compared prey composition in Western Barn Owl pellets residing in these two localities and assessed small mammal populations through trapping in the same areas. A total of 795 complete and previously disintegrated Western Barn Owl pellets retrieved from both localities were analysed. The NUE dataset consisted of two nest sites, which included 371 complete pellets collected in 2020–2021 and disintegrated pellets collected in 2005, as records of recent and past diversity to compare with trap results. For TENP we analysed 424 Western Barn Owl pellets from four nests collected in 2020–2021. Trapping surveys for small mammals were conducted for two seasons between December 2020 and August 2021 across suspected owl foraging habitats and around the nest sites in both locations. Results: Small mammals formed the principal prey for all owls across the sites, with other taxa such as birds, reptiles, invertebrates and amphibians present in lower abundance. Variation in diet was significant between the two sites, which we infer was primarily determined by prey availability. Comparison of pellet and trapping data showed significant differences in recorded species diversity across habitats. Conclusions: Our study involved understanding how different environmental conditions affect Western Barn Owl diet. The results demonstrate dietary variation across biogeographical regions with both urban and natural habitats, suggesting that small mammal communities co-existing in a given ecological region can adapt to local environmental conditions. Species richness in the owl diet was greater in the urban habitat, likely because of increased prey diversity as well as the adaptability of Western Barn Owls as predators in this environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Veronicah Onduso, Nathan Gichuki, Evans Mwangi, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Frederick K. Manthi, Ogeto Mwebi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Endemic plants and animals are susceptible to extinction in an imperilled alpine hotspot in southern Africa
Background: As global temperatures rise, alpine species at the upper limit of their distribution are at risk of decline and extinction due to shrinking habitats downslope. The alpine (> 2 800 m a.s.l.) biodiversity of the Maloti-Drakensberg is poorly known but may be threatened by climate change. Objectives: Using expert BioBlitzes, we documented species richness and elevational patterns of distribution in 14 plant and animal higher taxa from alpine and upper-montane zones in an unexplored corner of the Maloti-Drakensberg. Methods: Using standardised methods such as Sherman traps, acoustic monitoring, bird timed counts, pitfall traps, sweep nets, aquatic SASS5 kick-nets, timed searches and herbarium collections, we assessed elevational zonation of flowering plant and selected invertebrate and vertebrate diversity in the Witsieshoek Community Conservation Area (WCCA). Results: GBIF records complemented expert BioBlitz data, together enumerating 1 216 plant, vertebrate and invertebrate species along an elevation gradient from 1 760 m to 3 145 m at WCCA. Birds, insects and plants showed concordant beta diversity patterns from BioBlitz and GBIF data: high turnover compared to nestedness in more sedentary insects and plants, and the opposite in more mobile birds (GBIF data not available for bats). Although identifications are ongoing, 17% of species or morphospecies were exclusively recorded in the alpine zone, including 82 species of plants and 92 of animals. Conclusion: Alpine endemics are vulnerable to the ‘escalator to extinction’ process due to climate change. Surveys of under-explored alpine hotspots should be prioritised, drawing on mountain tourism-based citizen science. We advocate an ecotourism- and community-centred, restoration and rewilding approach for this strategic and biodiverse community conservation area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter J. Taylor, Emile Bredenhand, Ara Monadjem, Adrian J. Armstrong, Andrinajoro R. Rakotoarivelo, Veli Monday Mdluli, Alexandra Howard, Serero Modise, Samuel N. Motitsoe, Pindiwe Ntloko, Abigail P. Kirkaldy, Dewald J. Kleynhans, Astrid Jankielsohn, Toka Mosikidi, Maria K. Oosthuizen, Stephanie Payne, Thinandavha C. Munyai, Clinton Carbutt, Mpho Ramoejane, Mosiuoa Bereng, Michael Stiller, Charles R. Haddad, Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen, Musa C. Mlambo, Sibusisiwe Moyo, Nthatisi I. Nyembe, Lehlohonolo Mofokeng, Johann Van As, Lesego Malekana, Gimo M. Daniel, Onalenna Gwate, Michelle van As, James du Guesclin Harrison , Nokubonga F. Thabethe, Nozipho Kheswa, Karabo Moloi, Nkanyiso Sishange, V. Ralph Clark https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ischaemum roseotomentosum (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): extension of an erstwhile Zimbabwean endemic in South Africa
Background: Ischaemum is a C4 genus mainly found throughout the tropics of South and Southeast Asia, Malesia, South Africa and South America. Ischaemum roseotomentosum was collected during a vegetation condition assessment in Limpopo, South Africa at the Bonwa Phala Game Lodge in the Waterberg District, approximately 20 km west of Bela-Bela. It constitutes a new record for South Africa. Objectives: We document here a new record of Ischaemum roseotomentosum found in Limpopo and discuss its taxonomic affinities and distribution based on available specimens, field observations and a review of the relevant literature. Methods: The collected specimen was morphologically examined at the National Herbarium, Pretoria (PRE), using a light microscope, and compared with type specimens from Zimbabwe in addition to other notable collections from the same area. Results and conclusion: A specimen of Ischaemum roseotomentosum was collected from a private game lodge in the western region of Bela-Bela and subsequently submitted to the National Herbarium (PRE) for identification. It was confirmed as a new record for South Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aluoneswi Caroline Mashau, Frits van Oudtshoorn, Moleseng C. Moshobane, Gerhard de Beer, Shahid N. Landge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anthospermum, an unusual name for an African genus of Rubiaceae
The mainly African genus Anthospermum L. has an enigmatic name, meaning “floral seed.” Recent dictionaries of plant names relate the name to the complex reproductive biology of the genus, i.e. male flowers sometimes having ovaries capable of ripening seeds. However, Linnaeus himself mentioned how he coined the name and he explained it differently. The Italian botanist Giulio Pontedera, who made earlier observations on the genus, confused flower buds with fruits and seeds with anthers. Hence, Linnaeus coined the name by combining the words flower (Greek anthos) and seed (Greek spermum) and herewith alluded to this error. Anthospermum seems another example of a derogatory name given by Linnaeus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elmar Robbrecht, Brecht Verstraete https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Applying standardised methods to assess the potential risks of alien freshwater crayfish introductions to South Africa
Alien freshwater crayfish have been widely introduced worldwide for aquaculture and the pet trade. Despite providing societal benefits, crayfish introductions are also known to cause adverse impacts in areas of introduction. This study used the recently developed Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT) framework to assess the risk associated with 14 alien freshwater crayfish introductions in South Africa. Thirteen of the 14 species were assessed as high risk because they are likely to be introduced to South Africa and have the potential to cause major environmental impacts. Eight of these species are listed under the South African National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM:BA) Alien and Invasive Species (A&IS) Regulations, which implies there is an obligation to manage them. This notion was supported by the recommendations from the risk analyses for Cherax cainii, C. tenuimanus and C. quadricarinatus. The two marron species (C. cainii and C. tenuimanus) have no known naturalised populations and are likely confined to aquaculture facilities. Cherax quadricarinatus is already widespread and control methods should focus on minimising spread, as eradication is no longer feasible. The recommendations from some of the risk analyses do not agree with the current listing under the A&IS Regulations. Procambarus clarkii is already known to be invasive but is not listed and there is anecdotal evidence that C. destructor, Faxonius limosus, F. rusticus, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Pontastacus leptodactylus are present in the pet trade and their presence needs to be verified. Crayfish can become conflict-generating alien species because they have both major negative impacts and socio-economic benefits. Therefore, the recommended management options aim to preserve benefits while limiting negative impacts by restricting the importation of high-risk species for new introductions and implementing interventions to prevent spread and minimise impacts for established introductions.
Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT)
Socio-economic impact classification of alien taxa (SEICAT)
Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT) framework
Alien and Invasive Species (A&IS) Regulations
Copyright (c) 2026 Lee-Anne Botha, Christian T. Chimimba, Tsungai A. Zengeya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A South African perspective on the 2023 IPBES Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their control
Background: Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and sustainable development. A global assessment of biological invasions released in 2023 by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), concluded that while invasions ‘…cause dramatic and, in some cases, irreversible changes…’ they can be ‘…overcome through a context-specific integrated governance approach’. Aim: Here we evaluate insights from the IPBES assessment in the context of South Africa and explore how these insights could inform the development of a national policy and strategy to address biological invasions. Results: Trends and status of biological invasions in South Africa are similar to those seen globally, but there are some distinct local nuances. South Africa has: 1) a long history of invasions with negative impacts caused especially by invasive trees and freshwater fishes, whilst invasive marine invertebrates have transformed large parts of the coastline; 2) a long history of control (biological control was first implemented in 1913) with large-scale, state-run invasive species management programmes currently in place; 3) a comprehensive regulatory system (e.g., there is provision for beneficial invasive species to be used under permits); 4) relatively high levels of awareness and engagement (at least among some stakeholder groups); and 5) a well-connected community of practice. Discussion: Efforts to limit introductions (intentional or unintentional) are difficult given South Africa’s extensive and porous borders and the pressing need to increase trade and travel. Regulatory and implementation efforts aimed at prevention are improving, with the newly established Border Management Authority aiming to integrate biosecurity interventions at ports of entry. Such integrated governance is, we argue, needed more broadly if affected sectors, society groups and stakeholders are to be effectively included in decision-making and management. A more systematic flow of information from observation to action is essential, as is better feedback between research, policy and implementation at all scales. Biological invasions will continue to pose threats, but many of these can be effectively mitigated through focussed interventions. Co-ordinating such interventions in the context of other cross-cutting global change challenges and initiatives is a cost-effective way of protecting and improving livelihoods, human health, quality of life and biodiversity.
the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF)
Copyright (c) 2025 John R.U. Wilson, K.T. Faulkner, L. Fernández Winzer, E.J. McCulloch-Jones, B.W. van Wilgen, R. Blanchard, C. Carbutt, M.S. Dechoum, L.C. Foxcroft, M. Greve, C. Hui, P. Ivey, B. Kgope, S. Kumschick, P.C. le Roux, T.S. Masehela, J. Measey, S. Miza, T. Mogapi, F. Mpikanisi, L. Mulaudzi, K. Nelukalo, L. Nnzeru, M.M. Nsikani, Z. Pattison, S.J. Rahlao, D.M. Richardson, T.B. Robinson, R.T. Shackleton, F. Tererai, N. Tshidada, P.P. Tshikhudo, I. Tshivhandekano, K. Wanjau, S.R. Ziller, T.A. Zengeya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Year-to-year changes in population density and site fidelity of psittaciform, coraciiform and piciform species in an acacia savanna, north-central Namibia
Background: Bird species belonging to the orders of Coraciiformes, Psittaciformes and Piciformes may be regarded as good indicators of environmental quality. Since most species are fairly large and have distinctive plumage colouration, they attract human attention. Most of them are also strongly territorial and vocally conspicuous. However, not much is known about their population densities and virtually nothing about interannual population changes. Objectives: The aims of this study were to: 1) estimate population densities; 2) assess interannual variations in population densities; 3) study site fidelity; 4) find preferences (or their lack) for natural or man-modified savanna of all coraciiform, piciform and psittaciform species breeding in a mosaic of natural and man-modified savanna; and 5) compare population densities of all these species recorded in the study area with those obtained in other regions of southern Africa. Methods: Population densities of coraciiform, psittaciform and piciform species were assessed by means of the territory mapping method in an acacia savanna in the Cuvelai Drainage System, north-central Namibia. Studies were carried out in three separate years: 2012, 2017 and 2020. Results: In total, 15 species representing these orders were recorded as breeding in the study plot (400 ha). In 2020, all three parrot species, namely Meyer’s Parrot (Poicephalus meyeri), Rüppell’s Parrot (P. rueppellii), and Rosy-faced Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis), nested in a similar density of 0.50–0.75 pairs per 100 ha. The African Hoopoe (Upupa epops) was the most abundant coraciiform species reaching a density of 3.3 pairs per 100 ha in 2017. The second most abundant coraciiform species was the Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus), which population increased from 0.5 pairs per 100 ha in 2012 to 1.4 pairs per 100 ha in 2020. Among the other coraciiform species, only the Common Scimitar-bill (Rhinopomastus cyanomelas) reached a density higher than one pair per 100 ha, in 2017. Among piciform species the most abundant was the Acacia Pied Barbet (Tricholaema leucomelas; up to 2.5 pairs per 100 ha). Conclusion: Contrary to expectation, for most species and species groups studied, their population densities were negatively related to the precipitation. No other species of this order reached a density higher than 1 pair per 100 ha in any year. These population densities are compared with those obtained in 10 sites in Namibia and the South African Highveld. Lilac-breasted Roller, Common Scimitarbill, parrots and hornbills showed high, while barbets showed low site fidelity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grzegorz Kopij https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) of southern Africa
The last comprehensive checklist of rust fungi (Pucciniales; Basidiomycota) of southern Africa was published in 1950 by Ethel Mary Doidge, and included 468 species. An updated listing is provided here, including all published records of rust fungi from Angola, Botswana, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe, and their recorded hosts. A total of 631 taxa of rust fungi are recorded, on 1 355 host plant taxa. Sphaerophragmium senegaliae A.R.Wood, Maravalia neomimusops A.R.Wood and Aecidium afrocanthii A.R.Wood are newly described. New combinations made are Milesina silvae-knysnae (R.Berndt) A.R.Wood and Elateraecium celastrineae (Cooke & Massee) A.R.Wood. Endophyllum austroafricanum (Henn.) A.R.Wood represents a new combination and has been raised to species level. Endophyllum rhamni-prinoides (Thüm.) A.R.Wood (currently known as Endophyllum macowanii Pole-Evans) and Endophyllum conyzae-scabridae A.R.Wood (currently known as Endophyllum macowanianum (Thüm.) A.R.Wood) are new names provided for species with illegitimate names.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.R. Wood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Collaborating for conservation: the first five years of implementation of the Biodiversity Management Plan for Pickersgill’s Reed Frog, Hyperolius pickersgilli
Pickersgill’s reed frog Hyperolius pickersgilli was the first frog species for which a Biodiversity Management Plan for Species (BMP-S) had been gazetted and implemented in South Africa. It was red listed as Critically Endangered in 2010. Surveys between 2008 and 2010 found that many historic sites were transformed or so degraded that the species was considered locally extinct there. A BMP-S for H. pickersgilli was identified as a priority to coordinate threat mitigation in 2011, and an initial stakeholder workshop was held in 2013. The BMP was gazetted in 2017, to guide activities that lead to a reduction in the threat status of H. pickersgilli. Improved knowledge of the species’ distribution resulted in a non-genuine change to Endangered status in 2016. Actions coordinated through the BMP were implemented by 24 stakeholder organizations from mid-2017 to the end of 2022. We report here on the progress achieved during that period. Of the 16 activities outlined in the BMP, 17% were complete, 65% were on-track; 6% had minor issues, and 12% were still planned, demonstrating the effectiveness of the collaborative nature of the plan. The area of habitat that was legally protected during this five-year period was 127 ha, with a further 506 ha on track for legal proclamation. The revision of this iterative plan will take into consideration new knowledge gained, lessons learnt, and arising threats. This case study contributes to the growing body of evidence that participatory planning supports species recovery and achievement of global targets to reverse species declines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adrian Armstrong, Ian du Plessis, Piet Malepa, Antoinette Kotze, Felicity Elliott, Sharon Louw, Cherise Acker-Cooper, Jeanne Tarrant https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preliminary checklist for freshwater diatom species of the Karoo, South Africa
Background: Species checklists are a way in which local biodiversity can be monitored. There is no readily accessible database or checklist of diatom flora of South Africa. This publication gives an account of the diatom taxa encountered during two survey projects (2010–2012 and 2015–2017) within the Eastern Karoo. Objectives: This list has been compiled to allow for: (1) comparisons with future research in the geographical area; (2) comparison with ecological data from other countries; (3) monitoring the occurrence of new species; and (4) documentation of the disappearance of ‘clean water’ indicator species. Methods: Sampling took place in the area known as the Eastern Karoo during the two projects. Samples were scrubbed, cleaned and checked for live cells. Permanent slides were made and diatoms identified using light and electron microscopy. Each species was assigned a four-letter code from the software Omnidia version 6. Results: A total of 474 taxa were encountered, some of which are, as yet, undescribed. This list contains taxonomic rank currently assigned as well as the Omnidia codes as this software is commonly used throughout the world and in South Africa for diatom assessment protocols. Conclusion: The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act does not cover the protection of diatom species, which can only realistically be conserved if the habitats in which they are found are also conserved. This species checklist can serve as a catalyst for a move towards legislation accepting the use of diatoms as bioindicators for freshwater within South Africa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marion Holmes, E.E. Campbell, Maarten de Wit, Jonathan C. Taylor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A pollination mutualism over the edge: growth form and fig traits respond differently during niche expansion to arid environments
Background: It is unclear how climate shifts may interfere with the diversification of tightly associated species interactions. Obligate pollination mutualisms are ideal for investigating the underlying processes of niche evolution by environmental change. Objectives: Niche evolution that corresponds with phenotype-by-environment interactions that include climate shifts is expected to affect the stability of partner associations of mutualisms. Here, we compare the evolution of fig syconium size and growth form strategies for coping with soil water stress during a range expansion by Ficus into arid environments. Methods: Niche models of 31 Ficus taxa were used to define contemporary habitat requirements of each species, which are then incorporated into Bayesian mixed models to examine the response of each trait to the soil water variables, other environmental variables and phylogenetic dependencies. Results: The results showed that phylogenetic constraints best explained syconium size variation, while environmental lability best characterised growth form variation. Two species adapted to arid environments that exhibited convergence in these traits had significantly different habitat requirements compared to forest and savanna species. Conclusion: The niche expansions by Ficus ilicina and Ficus cordata involved distinct historical processes. The findings suggest selection for traits that varied at different temporal scales limit the rate of niche expansions, and potentially destabilise mutualist partnerships and promote host shifts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Michael McLeish, Danni Guo, Simon van Noort https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Vachellia karroo as a nurse plant in oldfields targeted for passive restoration
Background: In degraded environments such as oldfields, nurse plants can facilitate the growth of targeted restoration plant species through ameliorating them from extreme environmental conditions, creating nutrient rich microclimates, and protecting recruiting plants from grazing. Objectives: This study examined the role of Vachellia karroo nurse plant on soil physico-chemical properties and vegetation diversity in oldfields targeted for passive restoration at Tanglewood research farm in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Methods: Soil were quantified for physico-chemical properties in 48 plots measuring 25 m2 (5 m x 5 m) that were located under and outside 24 V. karroo nurse plants. In addition, detailed vegetation surveys were conducted in the above-mentioned plots. Results: Our results show that soil total N and C concentrations were higher under than outside V. karroo nurse plants. Soil penetration resistance and water repellency levels were lower under than outside V. karroo nurse plants, however monthly variations were also observed. Species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were higher under than outside V. karroo nurse plants, with species such as Searsia crenata, Azima tetracantha, Asparagus africanus, and Opuntia sp., frequently occurring under V. karroo nurse plants. Conclusion: The study concludes that V. karroo nurse plant has a positive effect on some soil physico-chemical properties and vegetation diversity underneath it. It is recommended that V. karro needs to be included in future oldfield restoration strategies if passive restoration at Tanglewood research farm is to be successful.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sheunesu Ruwanza, Voice Mlonzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
African Biodiversity & Conservation: an open access, free to publish journal for research on African biodiversity and conservation
In this editorial we provide an overview of the journal African Biodiversity & Conservation (ABC, www.abcjournal.org/): ‘A journal that publishes scientifically robust peer-reviewed studies on African biodiversity and conservation in a manner that is free, accessible, and ethical and that maintains high quality standards throughout’. We see the scope of the journal as self-explanatory–A. the research must be directly on African issues; B. it must be focussed on biodiversity; C. there should be a link through to conservation management and policy in a broad sense; and finally the research must be well conducted and noteworthy. The aim is to be inclusive, ABC will not chase impact factors. We provide various examples of what ABC regards as noteworthy and what sorts of submissions are not considered, noting that parochial articles will be considered if they link to broader lessons or a broader audience, otherwise a local or more discipline-specific journal would be more suited. We also evaluate how ABC currently addresses the various developing international standards in biodiversity data management and publishing ethics. The journal is indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), is listed on the ISI Web of Science, and aims to support FAIR data standards, and meet the principles of Plan S. ABC follows a largely traditional model with a growing board of associate editors relying on reviewers from Africa and elsewhere to ensure a robust and scientifically rigorous peer-review process. Unlike many other journals, the production team of ABC is in-house, allowing us to ensure that production standards are high. Finally, we briefly review related journals and note that ABC is one of only four ISI-listed platinum open access journals focussing on African biodiversity. The journal is financially supported by, but editorially independent from, the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). There is no requirement on readers or authors to pay for access, although if a research grant provides funds for paying author page charges, we are keen to establish the principle that SANBI should not subsidise such publications. Please get in touch if you are keen to be involved in the journal in whatever capacity. We welcome input, advice, criticism, but most of all noteworthy submissions on African biodiversity and conservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony R. Magee, John R. Wilson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0